think it's too late to begin executing a defensive strategy, but it's never too late to talk about one and many are indeed doing that. Most real hedging strategies are not discussed in the mainstream. I have been hearing of folks introducing some of these double short ETFs as defense recently, but there are other products that may be more suitable depending on your needs. Being an option guy, one of the easiest and most understandable ways to protect your portfolio or any open position is to wrap a collar around it.
As with all option strategies, there are pros and cons and I'll go over each one. Let's keep it simple for starters. Let's say my portfolio consists of 100 shares of SPY. A good, broad based ETF. My average cost for SPY is $100 per share. I don't mind SPY moving around a bit, but if I lose more than 5% of my original investment, I'm going to start getting upset because I won't be able to get my child the G.I. Joe with the Kung Fu grip for Christmas. So let's take a look at what we have so far on a chart.
(click to enlarge)
Nothing earth shattering here. If my SPY goes up 10%, I make $1,000. If my SPY goes down 10%, I lose $1,000. Going back to my original requirement of not wanting to get upset if I start to lose more than 5%, let's apply a protective collar to this position and check out the P/L at that point.
To satisfy my requirement, I'm going to buy a long put @ the 95.00 strike and sell a call at the 105.00 strike. I'm doing this at exactly the point when SPY is at $100 so the price paid for the put will likely be the same price that I'm selling my $105 call at which makes the cost of this protection $0. Here's how the P/L looks now.
(click to enlarge)
The green line represents the P/L at expiration, the white P/L as it would be today. As you can see, I can lose no more than $500 no matter how low the S&P 500 goes. So the pros are:
1) The protection is free if the strikes are equidistant from the underlying because the premium collected from the short call is same premium paid for the long put
2) It provides 100% downside protection beyond the long put's strike price. If SPY goes to 0, I'm only going to lose $500 in this example.
Now for the drawbacks. First, I draw your attention to the upside. What I've down to the upside of this position is exactly the same as the downside. With the collar in place you can make no more than $500 while the collar is in force. I've effectively capped my upside at 5%. So while the protection seems free, the cost is your limited upside potential. The second drawback is that it's not always easy to get the strikes equidistant. The third problem is that your portfolio may not be as perfect as the demonstration portfolio. I can bet you don't have a 100 shares of SPY at an average cost of $100.00. So calculating your portfolios true delta to determine which hedge protects you fully is up to you.
A couple of noteworthy considerations.
First, an astute options trader may recognize this P/L structure as that of a vertical spread. And you'd be correct. This is the exact same position from a P/L standpoint. You'd only apply a collar on existing stock holdings that you want to protect. For speculation, use a vertical, unless you love giving your broker money in the form of commission.
Second, I'd almost never recommend this position because I think you can mitigate risk in better ways. If you're uneasy about losing 5% of your money, maybe you simply need more bonds in your portfolio, or perhaps a nice bank CD. However, tax situations may dictate otherwise. If you're close to retirement and find yourself with too much risk, a good way to sleep may be to put a collar in place.
This is just one of several ways to protect yourself.